Comparing Oedipus and Minority Report

Sophocles Oedipus the King and Spielberg Minority Report. (Critical Essay) Sutton, nana. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2005 Wheeled publications Many English teachers today pair older, canonical works with recent films that strongly allude to those earlier works–Mrs.. Daylong and The Hours, for example, or Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now. One palling teachers might consider Is Sophocles Oedipus the King with Steven Spielberg 2002 film Minority Report. While it would be an exaggeration to call Minority Report a futuristic retelling of the Oedipus story, the film does borrow most of the central elements of Sophocles play.In particular, the play and the film share an emphasis on literal and symbolic vision and blindness, a plot device in which a protagonist is told he will commit a murder in the future, and a thematic concern with fate and free will. Minority Report establishes its emphasis on vision and blindness within the first minute of the film. The first words we hear are †Å"You know how blind I am without them,† spoken by a character named Howard Marks about his glasses. As we hear these words, we see a scissor blade stab through the eye of a face In a magazine photo, as Marks's young son cuts out pictures for a homework project.A few seconds later, we see a close-up of an eyeball. All this Is, of course, reminiscent not only of Oedipus stabbing out his own eyes but also of the many comments about vowels and blindness In Sophocles play, such as Oedipus comment to the plague-ravaged chorus, â€Å"How could I fail to see what longings bring you here? † (142). As in the preceding quotation from Sophocles play, both the film and the play employ images of vision and blindness to refer not only to physical sight but also to seeing as understanding.And in both works, this understanding involves past and future killings. In the film's opening minute, we see images of events that have not yet taken place, but which are being â€Å"seen† by a woman named Ghats, the person whose eye appears in the close-up. Ghats is the most gifted of three â€Å"process†Ã¢â‚¬â€œhumans blessed and cursed with the ability to envision murders before they take place, and thus used to warn the police of the murders so they can be prevented, In a system called â€Å"Presence. In the opening scene, Howard Marks has Just â€Å"seen† that his wife Is having an affair and that he is about to kill her and her lover with the scissors. But the police?led by the elm's protagonist, John Anderson–prevent him from doing so. Similarly, in Oedipus the King, the one character who understands the truth and knows the future at the beginning of the play, Eateries, tells Oedipus, â€Å"You're blind to the corruption of your life† (162).In Minority Report, the linking of physical sight with understanding, specifically of murders, extends far beyond the opening sequence. Later, Ghats, tormented by knowing who murdered her mother an d by the fact that the police have been fooled regarding the murderer's identity, repeatedly shouts, â€Å"Can you see? To John Anderson as she tries to lead him to solve the crime. And when Anderson finally recognizes that his interest In this past crime is the reason he has been set up to be arrested for a future murder, his first words are, â€Å"How could I not have seen TLS? –a line reminiscent of Oedipus statement, shortly after realizing the truth of his situation, that he had been too long â€Å"blind to the ones [he] longed to Report play a role analogous to that of the Oracle at Delphi in Oedipus the King, a similarity made explicit in the film. The process stay in an area referred to as â€Å"the ample,† and early in the film, one character refers to the process collectively as â€Å"the oracle,† and their handlers, the police, as â€Å"the priests. And in both the play and the film, soon enough, the oracle tells the protagonist that he will commi t murder. As a young man, Oedipus was told he would kill his father and have children by his mother (185); early in the film, Anderson is informed by the process that he will murder someone named Leo Crow. Although both protagonists are informed that they will commit murders in the future, both the play and the film are set in worlds erupted by the fact that political leaders have not been detected for murders they committed in the past.In Oedipus the King, Thebes suffers from a plague that can be removed only when the murderer of the previous king is discovered and punished–a murderer who turns out to be the current king, Oedipus. In Minority Report, Washington, DC (and thus implicitly the entire nation, especially since precise is about to go national rather than being limited to DC) is corrupted by the fact that the head of precise, Lamar Burgess, has murdered Ghats's mother to prevent losing Ghats as a precook, unbeknownst to anyone but Ghats.Thus in both works, the prota gonist is doubly a detective: he must discover the truth about the oracle's prediction that he would murder someone, and he must solve the murder that corrupts the political world in which the work is set. In addition, the protagonists of both works receive prophecies not only from seemingly divine oracles, but also from blind mortals. Eateries declares that Oedipus is himself the murderer of the previous king (159) and then adds, correctly, that by the day's end Oedipus will be reduced to blind beggar and will know he is both son and husband to his wife, both brother and father to his children (164).In Minority Report, a sleazy character with grotesque, hollow sockets where his eyes should be sells John Anderson a drug he calls â€Å"Clarity† and then says, â€Å"In the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king†Ã¢â‚¬â€œa statement that proves prophetic later in the film when Anderson, possessing only one of his original eyes, is able to outwit others who are â₠¬Å"blind† to the true situation regarding the murder that Burgess committed. The most obvious, and obviously sight-related, really between the two works is the fact that both protagonists voluntarily lose their eyes.And in each case, this loss of eyes largely coincides with the protagonist's ability to â€Å"see† in a deeper sense. Once Oedipus realizes that he did indeed murder his father and marry his mother–once he sees the truth–he stabs out his eyes. In the futuristic world of Minority Report, omnipresent eye scans make hiding virtually impossible, and so Anderson, once he is wanted for the future murder of Leo Crow, has his eyes removed and exchanged for a different pair to evade detection, having en advised by one of the inventors of precise that â€Å"Sometimes in order to see the light you have to risk the dark. It is only through this swapping of eyes–and through retaining at least one of his original eyes in a plastic bag, for use in eye scans for security clearance–that he is eventually able to â€Å"see the light† and solve both mysteries: why he is accused of murdering Leo Crow and how Lamar Burgess murdered Ghats's mother. When we reach the protagonist's encounter with the person he was predicted to kill, both the play and the film are somewhat ambiguous other), as the oracle had said he would, despite every effort he makes to avoid fulfilling this fate.Indeed, his efforts to avoid his fate lead him to precisely the spot where he must be to fulfill it. But critics have long emphasized that the character traits Oedipus displays in the plays present are precisely the ones that would have naturally led him to react as he did when he encountered his father (Knox and Thaliana 598). They have also emphasized that the gods can know the future without causing it (Odds 23). Thus, the killing seems both an expression of inexorable fate and the natural expression of Oedipus character.Similarly, when John And erson finally confronts Leo Crow, he tries to arrest Crow rather than kill him– but Crow, determined to die, grabs for Andersen's gun and is eventually fatally shot, with the film ambiguous as to whether Anderson (accidentally) or Crow (intentionally) pulls the trigger. So, Anderson does not attempt to murder Crow yet plays a role in the man's death. Moreover, the film paradoxically insists that although the future can be accurately predicted, those who know their future have the power to change it.Thus, both works concede considerable power to fate but also leave room for free will. Minority Report alludes to Oedipus the King in smaller ways as well. Early on, a character named Danny Witter repeatedly mentions finding a â€Å"flaw† in Anderson– surely an echo of the concept of â€Å"tragic flaw† in characters like Oedipus. Later, as curiosity leads Anderson toward confronting Leo Crow, whom he has never met but whom he is â€Å"supposed† to murder , Ghats warns him, â€Å"You have a choice. Walk away. Now. † But he refuses, saying, â€Å"l can't. I have to know. I have to find out what happened to my life.

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Two

Bonnie knew the minute that Zander and his friends came into the party, because the noise level went way up. Honestly, Zander was calmer than his friends, sort of, at least around Bonnie, but as a group, they were definitely wild. It was kind of irritating, actual y. But when Zander appeared next to her – hip-checking Marcus into a wal on his way – and gave her his long, slow smile, her toes curled inside her high-heeled shoes and she forgot al about being annoyed. â€Å"Hi!† she said. â€Å"Is everything okay?† He cocked an eyebrow at her inquiringly. â€Å"I mean, you said something came up with your family, and that's why you've been †¦busy.† â€Å"Oh, yeah.† Zander bent his head down to talk to her, and his warm breath ghosted across Bonnie's neck as he sighed. â€Å"My family's pretty complicated,† he said. â€Å"I wish sometimes that things were easier.† He looked sad, and Bonnie impulsively took his hand, twining her fingers through his. â€Å"Well, what's wrong?† she asked, striving for a tone of understanding and reliability. A dependable girlfriend tone. â€Å"Maybe I can help. You know, a fresh ear and al that.† Zander frowned and bit his lip. â€Å"I guess it's like†¦ I have responsibilities. My whole family is in a position where there are promises we've made and sort of things we have to take care of. And sometimes what I want to do and what I have to do don't line up.† â€Å"Could you be any more vague?† Bonnie asked teasingly, and Zander huffed a half laugh. â€Å"Seriously, what do you mean? What do you have to do? What don't you want to do?† Zander looked down at her for a moment and then his smile widened. â€Å"Come on,† he said, tugging her hand. Bonnie went with him, weaving their way through the party and up the stairs. Zander seemed to know where he was going; he turned a couple of corners, then pushed open a door. Inside was a dorm common room: a couple of ratty couches, a banged-up table. Someone's art project, a large canvas covered with splotches of paint, leaned against the wal . â€Å"Do you live in this dorm?† she asked Zander. â€Å"No,† he said, his eyes on her mouth. He pul ed her toward him and rested his hands on her hips. And then he kissed her. It was the most amazing kiss Bonnie had ever experienced. Zander's lips were so soft, yet firm, and there were little fireworks going off al over Bonnie's body. She lifted her hand and cupped it against his cheek, feeling the strong bones of his face and the slight scratch of stubble against her palm. Once again, she felt as she had during their first date, standing on the roof, when it had been like she was flying. So free, and with a wild kind of joy zinging through her. She slid her hand to the back of his neck, feeling Zander's fine pale blond hair brush softly against her fingers. When the kiss ended, neither of them spoke for a moment, they just leaned against each other, breathing hard. Their faces were so close, and Zander's bril iant blue eyes were fixed on hers, warm and intent. â€Å"Anyway, that's what I want to do, since you asked. Do you† – his voice cracked – â€Å"do you want to go back to the party now?† â€Å"No,† said Bonnie, â€Å"not yet.† And this time, she kissed him. â€Å"Oh, thank God,† Chloe said when Matt came up to her. â€Å"I was beginning to feel like the biggest wal flower.† She crinkled her nose appealingly at him. Her nose, which tilted up just a little, was spattered with freckles, and she had a pretty cupid's bow of a mouth. He wanted to tug gently on the soft brown ringlets of her curls, just to see them straighten and then spring back into shape. â€Å"What do you mean?† he said, pul ing himself back together, although he was painful y aware that he sounded half-witted. â€Å"A wal flower?† â€Å"Oh, just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She waved one hand vaguely at the crowd. â€Å"There's hardly anyone I know here besides you and Ethan. This whole party's completely stuffed with freshmen.† Matt's heart sank. He had forgotten that Chloe was a junior. It shouldn't be a big deal, real y, should it? But she sounded like she thought freshmen were beneath her, or something. Disdainful, that was the word he was looking for to describe her tone. â€Å"I thought the party seemed okay,† he said weakly. Chloe pursed her lips teasingly, then socked him gently on the arm. â€Å"Well,† she said softly, â€Å"there's only enough room for one freshman in my life. Right, Matt?† That was more of a hopeful sign. The problem was, Matt realized, that his only dating experience had been in asking out girls who he either didn't real y care about, but was just thinking of as potential dates for dances or whatever, or who were Elena. Who, yes, he cared tremendously about, but who he knew for long enough and Wellenough that he could tel she was going to say yes. Stil , he thought he could see an opening here. â€Å"Chloe,† he said, â€Å"I was wondering if you would – † Matt broke off as Ethan joined them, smiling widely. For the first time, Matt felt a flash of irritation toward him. Ethan was so smart with people. Couldn't he see he was interrupting a moment here? â€Å"I liked your friend Stefan,† Ethan told Matt. â€Å"He seemed very sophisticated for a freshman, very Wellspoken. Do you think it's because he's European?† Matt only shrugged in response, and Ethan turned to Chloe. â€Å"Hey, sweetheart,† he said, putting an arm around her and kissing her lightly on the lips. And yeah, wow, maybe Ethan had realized he was interrupting a moment. It wasn't a long kiss, but there was definitely a possessive air about it, and about his arm flung across Chloe's shoulders. When it ended, Chloe smiled up at Ethan, breathless, and Ethan's eyes flicked to Matt, just for a second. Matt wanted to fold right over and sink into the sticky, beer-stained floor beneath his feet. But instead he eked out a smile of his own and tipped his beer to Ethan. Because Chloe – adorable, sweet, funny, easygoing Chloe – had a boyfriend. He ought to have anticipated that he wouldn't be the only one who saw how amazing she was. And Matt would have backed off no matter who Chloe's boyfriend was. He didn't want to be that guy who sleazed al over other people's relationships; he never had been. But since Chloe's boyfriend was Ethan? Ethan, the Vitale Society leader, the one who had made Matt feel like he was special, like he could be the best? Since it was Ethan, Matt was just going to have to grit his teeth and ignore that hol ow feeling in his chest. He was going to be strong and keep himself from even thinking about what he wished could have been with Chloe. There were some lines he just couldn't cross. Ever.

Radiotherapy – One World Essay

What are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Radiotherapy? Cancer is one of our planets most concerning illnesses at this time. It is the uncontrollable growth and forming of malignant tumours. In 2007, it was said to cause about 13% of all human deaths worldwide (Kleinsmith, Lewis J. M. D). Some cancers may be cured and this depends on certain variables such as the type of cancer, where the cancer is, and how early it has been detected. One method of treatment for cancer is Radiation therapy (Radiotherapy). This is the medical use of ionizing radiation to control or kill these malignant cells.However, there is doubt among society about the use of radiotherapy. This is mainly because some long-term side effects include the growth of scar tissue, infertility and damage to other areas of the body, depending on the location of the radiation treatment. Another major reason for doubting this treatment is because in some cases, people may also develop a secondary cancer as a result of exposure t o radiation. Therefore this is a global issue and in the following essay, the social and economic factors involved in this topic will be discussed. Radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control cell growth. Ionizing radiation works by damaging the DNA of exposed tissue leading to cellular death. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from several angles of exposure to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger absorbed dose there than in the surrounding, healthy tissue. † (Cancer Research U. K. ). There are two main types of radiotherapy, internal and external.The one being discussed in this topic will be external radiotherapy because it is most related to the electromagnetic spectrum, while the other is based more on placing radioactive material inside patients. External radiotherapy uses radiation aimed at a cancer from a mach ine to destroy the cancer cells. The types of radiation used include high energy X-ray beams, cobalt irradiation or particle beams, such as protons or electrons. The most common types of external radiotherapy, use photon beams (either as x-rays or gamma rays).A machine called a linear accelerator focuses high-energy X-rays or other high-energy beams (gamma rays) at the cancer. It is concentrated so that the radiation destroys the cancer cells and not the healthy cells around them. Although, healthy cells may be damaged, the cancer cells will take most of the damage and the healthy cells should be strong enough to repair themselves afterwards. â€Å"The linear accelerator uses microwave technology (similar to that used for radar) to accelerate electrons in a part of the accelerator called the â€Å"wave guide,† then allows these electrons to collide with a heavy metal target.As a result of the collisions, high-energy x-rays are produced from the target. These high energy x-ra ys are shaped as they exit the machine to conform to the shape of the patient's tumor and the customized beam is directed to the patient's tumor. The beam may be shaped either by blocks that are placed in the head of the machine or by a multi-leaf collimator that is incorporated into the head of the machine. The patient lies on a moveable treatment couch and lasers are used to make sure the patient is in the proper position.The treatment couch can move in many directions including up, down, right, left, in and out. The beam comes out of a part of the accelerator called a gantry, which can be rotated around the patient. Radiation can be delivered to the tumor from any angle by rotating the gantry and moving the treatment couch. † (Radiological Society of North America, Inc. ) There are numerous advantages to having radiotherapy in comparison to other treatments to cancer. Using linear accelerators is more efficient than using ring-type accelerators. This is because; linear acce lerators can generate and maintain stronger light rays.This is crucial so that the cancer can be completely destroyed and so that the blasts are concentrated enough to not overly damage the healthy cells surrounding the cancerous ones. The other main advantage of using radiotherapy over other cancer treatments is because it is a focused treatment. Other treatments such as chemotherapy affect the entire body. Therefore, radiotherapy has fewer adverse effects on the rest of the body compared to other treatments. Radiotherapy also has several disadvantages and limitations. Firstly, this treatment can only be used if the cancer has been diagnosed at an early stage.Once the cancer has spread over several areas, this treatment cannot be used. Also, the linear accelerators require large power supplies, increasing the construction and maintenance expense of the machines. Radiation therapy delivers cancer-killing doses of radiation at the tumor site, the National Cancer Institute explains, b ut doesn't travel throughout the body to destroy cancer cells that have spread as chemotherapy treatment can do. Therefore, radiotherapy cannot be used after the cancer has spread to a certain degree. As mentioned, some people may also develop a secondary cancer as a result of exposure to radiation.There are numerous social factors that question the use of radiotherapy to treat cancer. A major social concern is developing secondary cancer as a result to the treatment. Though possible, this is a very rare situation. Developing a secondary cancer is more likely when being treated with chemotherapy or sometimes internal radiotherapy. Unfortunately, many are unaware of these facts and therefore they refuse to take these treatments. However, this therapy (along with chemotherapy) has been a revolutionary breakthrough in medicine.Radiotherapy, as mentioned before, would act as an alternative to chemotherapy for patients who have been diagnosed with a cancer in its early stages. Referring to one of the main advantages, this is a very beneficial treatment as it limits exposure to radioactivity, and out of the different treatments, it has the least probability of causing a secondary cancer. Also, because of its accuracy, we have been able to completely irradiate cancerous cells while barley harming the surrounding ones. There are also several economic factors that account to us using radiotherapy.Firstly, there are major costs for the maintenance of machines such as the linear accelerator, which is crucial for radiotherapy. Because of these expenses, not all hospitals have these equipment and also not many patients can afford to get this treatment. This too is a major limitation of using radiotherapy. However, these machines also benefit the economy as it provides better healthcare (In those hospitals and for patients who can afford it), it also creates more jobs. This is because there must be technicians to fix these machines whenever they are broken, and as said befo re, they are very high maintenance.For that reason, there must be regular check-ups on how the systems are running. Especially when considering these machines if run improperly, and at an overdose, can cause cancer. Therefore, this opens more job opportunities. Referring back to the availability of resources such as radiotherapy much depend on location. Unfortunately, people in Ghana do not have the same access to treatments such as radiotherapy to those in the Netherlands. This is mainly to do with the two countries different economical stand points. Most resident of MEDC’s have the chance of receiving such treatments, while many others do not.Also, seeing as how cancer is a growing problem which caused 13% deaths worldwide in 2007, it is clear that radiotherapy is a viable treatment which should be considered over the globe, so that other people have accessibility to these treatments. This will not only save more lives in the future, but also increase economy due to the rea sons stated previously. Throughout this essay, radiotherapy has been discussed. Radiotherapy is a treatment for cancer, by which powerful x-rays are blasted into cancerous tumors, to destroy them, eliminating the cancer.Though presented with possible side-effects, as well as being expensive, radiotherapy is a viable choice for a treatment to an early caught cancer. This is an example of how science (using x-rays) and technology (creating equipment such as linear accelerators) can work together to create a possible solution for globe issues such as cancer. Two factors affecting the use of radiotherapy has also been discussed, and in conclusion, one can say that radiotherapy is not without limitation; however it can be considered one of the best treatments for early caught cancer.Bibliography * â€Å"About External Radiotherapy. † : Cancer Research UK : CancerHelp UK. Cancer Research UK, n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. cancerresearchuk. org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatm ent/radiotherapy/external/about-external-radiotherapy;. * â€Å"Advantages & Disadvantages of Radiation Therapy. † LIVESTRONG. COM. LIVESTRONG, n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. livestrong. com/article/513783-advantages-disadvantages-of-

Department of Homeland Security in the USA Essay

Department of Homeland Security in the USA - Essay Example The primary mission of the department is to protect America and its citizens from, and responding to terror attacks, natural disasters as well as manmade accidents with The USA and its territories including protectorates (Chertoff, 2009). This department is regarded as equivalent to interior ministries in other countries, and its activities are coordinated at the Whitehouse. Creation of this department followed the creation of the Office of Homeland Security (OHS) by President Bush in 2001 after the 9/11 attacks. The Homeland security was created in 2002 by the Department of Homeland Security Act (2002). Creation of the department brought together other 22 government agencies that were reorganized to become one department to oversee security matters within the USA territory (Barkun, 2011). The 22 departments unified under the Department of Homeland Security were formally non military agencies of the government but had some of their functions relating to Security. Some of the division s in the Department of Homeland Security include the Border and Transportation Security division, which is the largest division, The Emergency Preparedness and Response division, the Science and Technology division and the Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection division (Barkun, 2011). Other departments with similar functions with Homeland security such as the National Security Agency (NSA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and The Central Investigation Agency (CIA) were left out of the Homeland Security Department (Barkun, 2011). The Department of Homeland Security has five main duties and responsibilities. These include protecting the American people from terrorist threats and attacks, Securing borders of the United States of America, enforcing immigration laws, improving the country’s readiness for, as well as response to, and recovery from disasters and finally unifying the department so as to function efficiently (Chertoff, 2009). The department’s responsibility of protecting the American people from terrorist threats is its primary responsibility and one that takes priority over any other role of the department. Under this role, the department channels its resources towards prevention of terrorist attacks as well as preparedness for any terror attack. The Department also has the role of advising American citizens all over the world on security matters coming as a result of terrorist threats. The department strives to encourage the citizens to be prepared as opposed to living in constant fear of terrorist threats and attacks. The other important function of the department is to secure the country’s borders. This includes ensuring security of the southern, Northern border, the air and sea ports. The department deports illegal immigrants who could be in the country with ill motives. Another responsibility of the department with regard to securing borders is strengthening the fight against smuggling of drugs, weapons and cash obtained illegally. When it comes to immigration, the department of Homeland Security is mandated with the responsibility of facilitating the process of legal immigration and also cracking down on individuals who break the country’s laws.

ACTA and Internet Counterfeiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ACTA and Internet Counterfeiting - Essay Example As an e-commerce medium, it is used as a payment medium through PayPal, VISA and other online payment systems. Moreover, it is the medium through which softcopy products like eBooks, software, online courses and other products are delivered. Since most of these activities involve transmission of sensitive information about people and more so customers, the information passing through the internet is encrypted such that the information encoded by the server can only be decoded by the client’s terminal and vice versa (Illing and Peitz, 2006: 102). This means that information being transmitted over encrypted networks cannot be accessed by third parties. This security property of the internet is priceless since it helps to sustain the faith that suppliers and consumers have on the internet; however, it also poses one of the major challenges in regulation of content being transmitted over the internet. It enables the internet to be used for transmission of information, a large port ion of which is unauthorised for electronic transmission (Biagi, 2011). Such information includes transmission of age-inappropriate content, rumours and propaganda that may undermine peace and stability, and copyrighted material. Censorship for inappropriate content can be easily implemented at a country or state level; however, transmission of copyrighted material like music, eBooks and software is hard to control since sharing networks entails use of multiple servers located all over the globe (Hertwig and Maus, 2010: 60). This necessitates the adoption of a common regulatory system, whereby countries work together to enforce antipiracy regulations. This essay discusses the effects of internet infringement of property rights and copyrights and discusses the adoption of ACTA (Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement), especially in the European Union. Technical Factors Historically duplication of copyrighted materials has always happened; however, the internet offered a channel that mad e the process quite easy to achieve with little skill level. Moreover, the vastness of the internet and its high rate of growth make any attempt to control its content an exercise in futility. Moreover, the technical knowledge of computer networking specialists gives them the ability to bypass any efforts by regulators, which is the main reason for proliferation of illegal websites (Woodsworth, 2010: 185). Moreover, developments in the information technology sector resulted in the proliferation of highly efficient but cheap IT equipment, which increased the number of servers, terminals and other devices beyond the scope of regulatory bodies. In order to cover the increased usage of the internet for illegal purposes, all stakeholders had to be incorporated in the process, which was the main motive of the implementers of ACTA. The other factor that leads to a high proliferation of computer piracy of software and other copyrighted materials is the capacity of network connections to wor k in both directions, such that information flows to or from a terminal in the same way it does to a server. This allows network terminals like workstations, personal computers and other devices to be used as sources of data, especially as used in peer-to-peer protocols like BitTorrent (Hunnewell and Garlick, 2007). These networks allow users to share data in their computers with other users without the need for a server; which makes it almost impossible to detect the circulation of copyrighted material since pieces of the software or other content are usually spread throughout the terminals in the networks. In this case, remarkably

Criticlly assess the basis of obedience by states in international Assignment

Criticlly assess the basis of obedience by states in international law. What factors do states take into account in compliance with international law rules - Assignment Example nal protocol faces the most potent challenge of embracing of the formulated laws and sustenance of the appropriate adherence across the member states (Alter, 19). While the membership of the international community has evolved in the recent past to be synonymous with the most acceptable yardstick for development, there are several considerations that make the expected transition the challenge it is today. The platform on which the international law is founded outlines the integrity of the leadership and governance of the international community and is built on commitment to comply with the binding regulations. Due to the unavailability of a political structure at such a level, only goodwill can be applied in the delivery of the commitment expected for compliance and adherence. In such an arrangement, it is evident that there are loopholes which expose the sovereignties of individual member states to the mercy of external forces. External interference is a contradiction to the existence of the member states as sovereign states, which is the predominant building block of the international community. In the protection of the integrity of the individual state and the international community, there is undoubted favor for the integrity of the member state sovereignty which is the basic unit of the international community. In light of conflicting interests and objectives as expected in such an arrangement, there are important considerations to be made by the leadership of the individual member states regarding becoming signatories of the effective protocols as well as the details of compliance. State behavior in embracing international law and handling international relations is important in determining the considerations that are likely to be highlighted by various leaderships before making commitment to such undertakings (Raustiala and Slaughter, 544). While politics therefore becomes central to the nature of state behavior detailing embracing international laws,

Managerial Control Systems (Take home exam) Essay

Managerial Control Systems (Take home exam) - Essay Example to significantly reduce these emissions (p. 81). The choice of approach depends upon the nature of the business, its motivations and objectives, and the environment it functions in. As a result, there is no one best way by which organizations may achieve their carbon emission targets. The advantages to the firm in the second to the fourth approaches are self-evident, in that energy savings which reduce emissions reduce costs, and the positive publicity enhances the firm’s standing among its consumers. The first approach has to do with the trading of emissions certificates, wherein businesses whose operations require higher emissions purchase pollution permits from other firms who do not need theirs. In this manner, firms who reduce their emission levels have no need for their emission certificates, and may sell them to other firms and therefore earn revenue. Answer to Question No. ... Future-oriented routinely generated information for MCA refers to monetary carbon operational budgeting for short-term decision-making and carbon long-term financial planning long term decision making. Physical carbon accounting (PCA). For PCA, the past oriented routinely generated information includes carbon flow accounting for short-term decision making and carbon capital impact accounting for long-term decision making. The future-oriented routinely generated information for PCA refers to physical carbon budgeting in the short-term and long-term physical carbon planning for the long term. Both MCA and PCA are essentially interrelated. For instance, past-oriented monetary EMA relies on physical information regarding the flow of materials and energy made available by materials flow accounting approaches. On its own, however, past-oriented information is limited. It helps management discern sources of inefficiencies; thereafter, future-oriented information becomes necessary to forecas t the future effects of changes adopted at present (Abdel-Kader, 2011, p. 62). As for short-term information, this is useful where financial data is less volatile. When the data is characterised by high volatility, the long-term focus on carbon-related information becomes more suitable and reliable (Rajapakse & Wang, 2004). Answer to Question No. 3 Various factors influence the volume and type of information that an environmental management accounting (EMA) system provides. Among these are the number, type and functions of managers seeking information from the EMA system and the kind of decisions supported by this information. The structure of the organization and the manner in which its units relate to each other

A paper about geo class concepts related in new construction materials Essay

A paper about geo class concepts related in new construction materials - Essay Example These ecological effects result in short-term expenditures and longer-term costs. Even if there is no consensus on dollar with increasing public knowledge of climate changes concerns and the lack of a national climate change regulation, numerous federal agencies and state and local administrations have took on regulations and ordinances that promote and, some cases, mandate green construction for specific commercial and residential structures to minimize GHC emissions and fight global warming even if there no single, homogeneous definition of green construction, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) asserts that green construction is the practice of creating building and utilizing procedures that are environmentally accountable and resource friendly all through a structure’s life span from sitting to design, building, operation, renovation and deconstruction. Proponents of green construction claim that is it a powerful apparatus for fighting climate change si nce buildings comprise of a huge segment of the United States Carbon footprint (Zhao 1-3) Concrete is the most broadly utilized building material. Present standard use of concrete is about one tonne annually per ever living human being. Human beings do not use any other material in such profound scope except for water. As a result of its huge consumption, even little reductions of green gas emissions per ton of manufactured concrete might make an essential global impact. Dependable estimations of green house gas emission tracks of numerous building materials are becoming significant, due to environmental understanding of the users of construction material. Life cycle examinations of competing building materials, such as steel and concrete can be carried out before the kind of material is selected for a specific construction (Flower and Sanjayan 283-288). The fundamental components of concrete include cement, water, coarse aggregates and fine aggregates. The extraction of aggregates has considerable allusions. Nevertheless, the core contributor of green house emissions in the manufacture of concrete is the Portland cement. It is has been reported that the cement plant is accountable for 5 percent of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Kardowski 2722-2730). Consequently, emissions as a result of Portland cement have frequently become the focal point when examining the green house gas emissions of concrete. Other cementitious constituents put into account include ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), a by-product of steel industry, and fly ash, a by-product of burning coal. The utilization of water in concrete amounts to reduced CO2 emissions (Bianchini et al 57-65) As a result the cement becomes coarse and fine aggregates, GGBFS and fly as the core material contributions to the ecological impacts of concrete. According to Strohbach et al (220-229) cities play an essential function in the world carbon cycle. They generate huge amounts of carbon dioxide em issions but they as well sequester and store carbon in urban forests and green space. Nevertheless, seizure by urban green space is hard to measure carbon sinks and also involves emissions. The carbon tract examination is a determined technique for systematically enumerating carbon sinks and sources all through

Career in Real Estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Career in Real Estate - Essay Example Real estate agents are getting out of this industry - because they tend to believe that the dynamic nature of this industry can always offer financial success and then resulted in a complete loss. I recommend you to take a different track, the bumpy road of scarifies, struggles and expenses - because hardship builds personality. You probably observed that life is not supposed to be 'straightforward', not a soul ever guaranteed you a 'financial success' (or a garden full of red roses), but that doesn't equivalent of that you cannot have to bake that cake, and still enjoy it, while you are baking another one. What I'm trying to enlighten here is that the current real estate industry is a perfect career, but in desire, for making huge financial success straight away, there is nothing but 'getting out' of this strong career opportunity. Every so often you got to have to look more 'stressed' in it. This is a misleading notion that being a licensed real estate agent is equivalent of being given the keys to the monetary success. Naught could be further than the reality. You can make huge money, but it necessitates uphill struggles, dedications, and there are the huge number of expenses and costs all along the way. Let's start with the incentive for having a real estate job. If you would like to earn money, it's there to be made. If you're trying to find a way to dig yourself outside of a financial hole quickly, this isn't it. The huge payday will be far off and you shouldn't look forward to any pay at all. Successful real estate representatives hardly ever have a consecutively prosperous beginning as 'megastars'. Even these agents in this field have jobbed for lots of years and have created a status and a strong relationship among their earlier customers and team cohorts. They have established a good business where they were up to build up their potentials and talents, and where they established a good stand for a successful marketing movement.Every one of you can pass an examination to obtain a license, but not one and all can develop into a victorious Realtor. If you are not money-motivated and cannot expect the 'huge expectations', that assists. The inspiration is to consider a job in real estate as a continuing asset. It isn't the way to go either if you can't work sound with others. Every new agent who is desperate to develop into a sales idol has to set up by learning the 'ropes'. Mostly do that by being a part of a reputable sales team and playing second fiddle to the most excellent vendors in the industry. For instance, this is like any 'commission sales career choice', becoming real estate representative necessitates careful planning, 'self-sacrifice' (I used this word because success only comes by 'ignoring oneself', with working long hours) and appropriate financial support.

Bill of Rights and Amendments Paper Essay Example for Free

Bill of Rights and Amendments Paper Essay The United States Constitution was ratified and made law September 17, 1789. For Americas yet-to-be history the Framers knew the Constitution had to have a way to grow and change with the people, and their needs. This paper will cover the amendment process, the need for the Bill of Rights, how the Bill of Rights has affected America, what the Bill of Rights have granted American’s, discuss the later amendments, and what effect the later amendments have had. Amendments In order for America to continue to grow and change with the needs of the people, the Constitution was created with an amendment process in Article V. Article V gives two ways in which the Constitution can be amended; first is by a two-thirds vote from both the House or Representatives and the Senate, it must be ratified by 38 of the50 states. To date this is the only method that has been used. Second method is to hold a Convention called for the sole purpose of amending and two-thirds of the state legislatures must attend. Then it must be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures. The Constitution The Framers of the Constitution were specifically concerned with creating a charter for a working government, of the people, for the people, but the Constitution covered very few rights for the American citizen. During the secret convention of 1787,there was some opposition to the Constitution because it was viewed as not  having enough protections for Americas’ rights. â€Å"A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth† Jefferson, T (1787). Including an agreement to add immediately the Bill of Rights, gave way for the Constitution to be ratified. James Madison argued that a declaration of rights for the American people would help the judiciary branch protect individual rights. â€Å"They have given the right of man and fair discussion, and explained them in so clear and forcible manner as cannot fail to make a lasting impression† Washington, G. (1791). The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights has affected countless court cases on individual rights. Communities and states can become involved to push moral or financial standards on others, and the Bill of Rights stops neighbors, states, and the federal government from infringing on the rights of an individual. The Bill of Rights protects the civil liberties that Americans are granted with citizenship, but it also gives America something to strive to be. The Bill of Rights is an ideal, a powerful statement of what America is trying to be. Amendments beyond the Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights accounts for amendments one through ten. Each of the additional 17 amendments has come about because of clarification needed for the original mechanics of the first three articles or to ensure civil rights. Amendments 11,16, and 24 are for clarifications of Article III. Amendments 12, 17, 20, 22, 25, 26, and 27are for further clarification of Articles I and II. Amendment 23 is further clarification of Article I. Only six amendments are to provide or clarify civil rights, those are13, 14, 15, 18, 19, and 21. Amendment 18 is the only one ever repealed. As we take a deeper look at amendments 13,14, and 15 they were also known as the Reconstruction Amendments. After the Civil War in early 1865 amendment 13 to abolish slavery, was found to be lacking in clarification of what happened to the freed slaves, and the 14th amendment was proposed in 1866, to allow all slaves citizenship. After this the rights for freed Black men came into question, the 15th amendment was created, that race would not bar anyone from the right to vote. Effects of the Constitutional Amendments The amendments beyond the Bill of Rights have each come when needed for the political and changing human rights that America has faced in the past 224 years. Rights have been granted; laws passed and recalled when they were no longer applicable for the climate of what Americans wanted for themselves. Clarifications for the running of the United States government, what should happen in case of emergencies and representation of all citizens have come from a government for the people, by the people. Conclusion Article V of the United States Constitution provides for America to change. The Framers knew that a simple document that was black and white could not govern a people for all time. Our Constitution is alive; it grows with America, and allows changes to be made allowing it stay relevant

How The Media Influences Public And Political Opinions Media Essay

How The Media Influences Public And Political Opinions Media Essay This essay will draw on a range of scholars to show and explain how the media have influenced public and political opinion on controversial scientific and technical issues like biotechnology, nanotechnology, cloning and genetic modifications. This essay on the one hand will argue and show how the media exert influences on the perceptions of the public and policy-makers. On the other hand, it will object this notion by showing that the media do not ultimately determine public and political opinions. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn and ideas for further research in this field will be highlighted. Plein (1991) explains that biotechnology refers to the use of recombinant DNA techniques, cell fusion and bio-processing techniques to modify life forms for various research and commercial uses (ibid: 474). Biotechnology and other technical scientific issues have attracted intense media attention that it has become a fundamental aspect of an everlasting public and political debate. According to Hansen (2006), discourse and research about biotechnology began to gain prominence in the 1990s and as a result of the increasing public and political controversy surrounding biotechnology, a wealth of studies has examined the nature and evolution of public discourse on genetics/biotechnology representations in press, film and other media (ibid: 816). Durant et al (1998) describe biotechnology as the third strategic technology of the post-war period (ibid: 189). Durant et al (1998) describe biotechnology as strategic because it has been seen to carry the potential to transform our future (ibid: 189). Biotechnology is said to possess benefits like new diagnoses and therapies to eliminate diseases, new crop varieties to eliminate world hunger (Durant et al 1998: 189), whilst feared for its threats to biodiversity (see Durant et al, 1998). A controversial scientific issue like biotechnology was in its early stages surrounded by scepticism and disputes. According to Nelkin (1995), one of the earliest disputes over biotechnology applications focused on the field testing of ice minus, genetically altered microbes intended to inhibit water crystallisation and protect strawberries from frost injury (Nelkin, 1995: 58). Nelkin (1995) emphasised that environmental groups were worried over the health hazards that this novel technology posed. Nelkin (1995) explained further that news reports of the ice minus test presented images which were striking and provocative (ibid: 258). Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) point out that modern biotechnologys thirty-year old history has been inherently political (ibid: 360). The media are at the fore-front of this political controversy concerning biotechnology. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) state that the mass media comprise the principal arena where policy relevant issues come to the attention of decision-makers, interest groups and the public (ibid: 360). This is perhaps why Nisbet and Huge (2006) noted that media coverage is likely to both reflect and shape policy debate (ibid: 14). In policy processes at first instance, the influence of the media comes in early as they determine what issues will be addressed by the policy-makers. These issues are usually generated by mass fear and scepticism created by the media. In the early stages of political policy processes, the influence of decision-makers can be direct when they manage to keep decision making behind closed doors from public or media attention (Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). However, the progress of such clandestine decision making often results in the mobilization of bias (Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). That is, decisions made only reflect the interest of certain members over others (see Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) explain that if this interest succeeds in controlling media and public attention, then it has succeeded in controlling media and public agenda (Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). However, Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) point out that if such issues appear in the media and an interest can define their stand as well as alternatives available for discussions (ibid: 361), then they have succeeded in delimiting arguments that oppositions can make and screening them off from participation (Berkwitz, 1992, cited in Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 361). This therefore relates to controversial scientific issues where different media frames are created by conflicting groups in order for their voices to be heard by the public and policy-makers. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) importantly note that policy-makers are aware of the importance of the media in influencing policy outcomes. Nisbet and Huge (2006) identify framing as a key mechanism used by the media to influence public and political opinions. Nisbet and Huge (2006) emphasise that frames are thought organisers, devices for packaging complex issues in a persuasive way by focusing on certain interpretations over others, suggesting what is relevant about an issue and what should be ignored (Ferree et al, 2002, cited in Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 11). Frames are hence the tools that the media use to successfully exert influences on political and public attitudes towards biotechnology and other controversial scientific issues. The frames help guide policy-makers and citizen evaluation about causes, consequences of an issue and what should be done (Ferree et al, 2002, cited in Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 11). In the case of biotechnology which attracted negative media coverage in the 1990s (see Nisbet and Huge, 2006); media frames could however be an antidote to suppress the negativity associated with it. These frames will act as an educative tool to reduce public scepticism and influence political opinion. Nisbet and Huge (2006) emphasise further that plant biotechnology has been ethically framed in a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦promotional light, emphasising the moral duty to pursue a gene revolution that could end world hunger (Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 11). Plein (1991) emphasised that biotechnology today is being associated with positive economic themes such as patent rights, international trade, research funding and regulatory policy (Plein, 1991: 475). This is as a result of the efforts of a well-organised coalition to define biotechnology in positive terms (ibid: 475). This has also been achieved by brilliant media-agenda setting techniques which have influenced public and political opinion positively. One will emphasise that this is because these well-organised agenda-setters present the beneficial aspects of this controversial technology to the media and the media in-turn influence positively the notions of biotechnology in political and public fronts. Plein (1991) importantly notes the reason for the decline in biotechnology scepticism was due to its application to the fields of agriculture, industry and medicine (Plein, 1991: 476). Marks et al (2007) however, pointed out that the news medias coverage on the medical features of biotechnology has been positive compared to that of the agricultural features. In fact, Marks et al (2007) stated that negative public opinion regarding agricultural biotechnology reflects the power of the news media. On the other hand, Plein (1991) pointed out that as a result of poor-organisation in the years of 1968 to 1980, the pro-biotechnology community were exposed to a hostile climate of opinionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Plein,1991: 475). This negative influence on public and political opinions concerning biotechnology was as a result of scientists being primarily interested in scientific freedom and protection from regulatory intrusion by government (ibid: 476), rather than use the media to educate citizens on the blessings of biotechnology which would hence influence positive political and public opinions. Nevertheless, the 1980s marked a turning point in biotechnology history (Plein, 1991: 476) as it turned from being a dangerous pursuit of another weapon in Americas competitive arsenal (ibid: 476) to being a technology deserving inexhaustible accolades. Biotechnology has been made to be seen by citizens as one of the biggest scientific successes through brilliant agenda-setting techniques. In fact, Nelkin (1987: 40) emphasised that in the media ,biotechnology underwent a metamorphosis from a runaway science of genetic engineering to a new technological frontier (cited in Plein, 1991: 476). In the political arena, the climate of opinion changed dramatically as biotechnology and its features began to dominate policy processes (see Plein, 1991). One can say therefore that well organised media campaigns can revolutionise an issue that was before deemed dangerous and harmful to the society. Plein (1991) further explains that the ability of biotechnology to be defined in positive terms was as a result of its alliance with well-established groups which provided an opportunity for mediation and therefore influenced public and political opinion. Plein (1991) noted that the cultivation of support with well-established groups and businesses provided a better atmosphere for policy considerations and media coverage which hence reduces public scepticism. This therefore reflects the influential power of the media. For instance, a well established group like the London biotechnology network, a network of over 800 organisations which began in year 2000 has further helped reduce biotechnology scepticism through mediation (londonbiotechnology.co.uk). Plein (1991) writes further that another reason for the positive media influence on public and political opinion was as a result biotechnology supporters to disassociate biotechnology from negative issues such as environmental risk and ethical ambiguity (Plein, 1991: 480). This further provided an opportunity for media coverage as scientific groups were able to frame biotechnology in terms of its benefits to economic growth and development. Plein (1991) explained that these groups were also able to use the media to increase political support as they predicted that biotechnology can play an important role in reversing Americas declining role in the global market place (ibid: 481). One will assert that such prediction makes biotechnology a topical issue for the media as its coverage on it will garner more support thereby pushing policy-makers to take biotechnology into important consideration. Biotechnology proponents have also been able to frame this technology in the media as not being novel or alien; rather it is a benign, incremental technology (Plein, 1991: 481). Therefore, it has been able to disassociate itself from common fears that it is a new form of technology fraught with dangers (ibid: 481). Biotechnology has also been seen to dominate media agenda because of its association with already media-worthy topics (a period where science reporting became on the increase); therefore it has been able to draw the media to its side thereby communicating to the public and policy-makers the blessings of this technology. Hence, it influences a positive public and political opinion. This technology according to Plein (1991) has been able to attract favourable media coverage because of its ability to undercut the positions of anti-biotechnology groups. The coverage of this conflict further boosts the confidence of citizens and policy-makers that biotechnology is indeed beneficial. However, Plein (1991) importantly notes that such well-organised coalition frames are never secure in its fortunes (ibid: 484). That is, the issues and events that attracted media coverage and gave biotechnology its stamp of legitimacy will likely pass (ibid: 484). This is because other questions will emerge which cannot be effectively answered and therefore the medias coverage of this debate will influence public and political scepticism. This might be due to the emergence of competition among proponents of biotechnology (ibid: 484) who have issues with differing priorities and agenda (ibid: 484). Hence, the controversy is re-built by the media as such scandals and conflicts add sensation and spice to their stories thereby creating and influencing public and political uncertainty. Scientists have even pointed out that their major reason for involving the media in biotechnology issues is for it to utilize its influential power in public education (Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 363). This is important as such education will reduce public and political fear. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) also pointed out that scientists are not only the ones involved in capitalizing on the medias influence. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) explain that in the early 1980s, media coverage was characterized by biotechnology promotion. Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) showed that even policy-makers after being influenced also attempted to shape biotechnology strategically to influence positive public opinion. This is because policy-makers after being educated and influenced considered biotechnology development critical to domestic economic growth, international competitiveness and global security (Krimsky, 1991, cited in Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002: 364). These considerations are therefore sounded-out more by the media, thereby exerting influences on public opinion. In fact Nisbet and Lewenstein (2002) point to a 1984 OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY (OTA) assessment report that uncritically characterized biotechnology as a possible solution to many of the worlds health problems including; malnutrition, disease, energy availability and pollution (cited in Nisbet and Lewenstein, 2002). These characteristics will be highly reflected in the medias report agenda and will hence influence positive public opinion. However, biotechnology opponents were also active in using the media to present it as being associated with environmental risks and hazards. This is perhaps why Nisbet and Huge (2006) stated that as a result of the agenda-setting techniques of biotechnology opponents in the 1990s, the media attention garnered by them increased the controversy and scepticism towards this technology. Nevertheless, as part of the power game of politics, advocates for biotechnology still aimed to frame biotechnology positively in order to gain favourable coverage and hence influencing public and political attitudes. Priest (2001) emphasises that journalists have been accused of only covering the controversies associated with biotechnology as this is reflected in public attitudes towards it. Since news serves as a primary source of risk communication (Marks et al, 2007: 184), it only goes to show that the coverage of the risks of biotechnology will influence the publics idea of it. Marks et al (2007) state that it is the media who spark up public concern about a potential hazard (ibid: 184). Biotechnology has been accorded media attention and such media dominance influences the priority accorded to it by the general public (McCombs and Ghanem, 2001: 67, cited in Marks et al, 2007: 184). Priest (2001) states further, that even institutions within the biotechnology industry seek to use the media to frame public perceptions of policy issues in ways they feel will be to their advantage as well (Plein, 1991, cited in Priest, 2001: 31). This further proves the influential power of the media. Priest (2001) importantly notes that the medias influence on the public will determine the influence on public officials. This is because public officials tend to respond in line with that of the public. In fact, Priest (2001) affirms this as she writes that when the U.S public responds with vigor to particular perceived threats to public safety, this often seems to come as a shock to stakeholder corporate interests and government officials alike (ibid: 52). Durant et al (1998) alike, explain that with the development of biotechnology, public debate and criticism increased and in response, policy processes became sensitive to public opinion. The generation of public debate towards this issue can be tied to the media who as a result of the news-worthiness of this technology, cover its merits and de-merits which influences public and political opinion. However in Lewenstein (2005)s account, the medias influence on policy-makers does not automatically lead to an influence in public attitudes. This could be seen in the attempt of policy makers and activists attempting to generate a positive consensus towards a G.M Nation. Contrary to what policy-makers might have hoped for, given the intense media coverage which it attracted, no consensus was reached. Nevertheless, Bauer (2002)s research from 1996 to 1999 confirmed that opinions of biotechnology became negative which was in line with the medias coverage of biotechnology during this period (see Bauer, 2002: 103). Nucci and Kubey (2007) in their account emphasise that the media play a vital role in the public awareness and understanding of new innovations in science in the genetic engineering of food products for human consumption (Nucci and Kubey, 2007: 149). Nucci and Kubey (2007) write that the experience that the majority of the public have with genetics and biotechnology means that news coverage has a strong influence on theses subjects (Nucci and Kubey, 2007: 149). In fact, Priest (1999) emphasises that the media possess the ability to influence public opinion on science and technology than other issues (cited in Nucci and Kubey, 2007: 149). In fact, Nucci and Kubey (2007) noted that the PEW foundation found that the U.S publics knowledge of G.M food tends to be driven mostly by the degree to which it is covered by the media (PEW INITIATIVE ON FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2006 cited in Nucci and Kubey, 2007: 171). This further proves the argument that indeed the media is responsible for influencing public and political opinion on controversial scientific issues. A specific example of the media having an influence on political opinion was the period of the great G.M food debate (P.O.S.T, 2000). The publics suspicion about it drove the media to campaign against G.M foods which led to a heated public debate. However, it should be carefully noted that the power of the media influencing political processes should not be overstated as G.M food was already a major controversial issue in the British Parliament (P.O.S.T, 2000). In a specific case-study concerning G.M foods; Larry Bohlen in 2000 suspected that StarLink a genetically modified corn variety that had been approved for animal feed had began to mix with common food products such as corn dogs, taco shells and tortilla chips (cited in Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 4). Bohlen predicted that this mixture will lead to serious allergic reactions (cited in Nisbet and Huge, 2006: 5). Bohlen was able to capitalize on this media-worthy issue to influence public and political opinion. Despite attracting press attention, it did not gather the public and political attitudes it needed to disapprove G.M foods. On the other hand, recent news stories have shown that G.M foods are becoming acceptable and popular. Despite the scare for G.M food, the Royal Society has argued that G.M food research was needed to urgently avoid food crisis as this will help crops survive harsher climates as populations grow and global warming worsens (Guardian.co.uk, 21/10/09). G.M food is being developed further as meat is being laboratory grown from cells. Scientists at the University of Technology in Eindhoven confirmed that in a few years long strips of this artificially grown meat will become a part of our everyday frank-furter sausages. However it is agreed that this will only be achieved through super-human advertising before the world can accept to eat genetically modified meat (Guardian.co.uk, 1/12/09). In addition to biotechnology, other technologies like cloning and nanotechnology have become part of an increasing controversy. According to Lee et al (2005), media coverage on nanotechnology could have affective and cognitive influences on public opinion. Lee et al (2005) explain that the cognitive influences on public attitudes towards nanotechnology are based on the extent of the scientific literacy of the reader. Lee et al (2005) explain that those who have been influenced more affectively may be tied to media influences. This is perhaps why Lee et al (2005) in their research even confirmed that only science media use had direct influence on general support for nanotechnology (ibid: 253). However, Cobb (2005) pointed out that framing nanotechnology in terms of its benefits did not increase respondents trust in industry leaders (ibid: 233). The Wellcome Trust (1998) found that peoples negative attitudes towards cloning was drawn from examples expressed in popular media culture. Science fiction films were part of the major influences on peoples attitudes towards cloning. For example, Frankenstein, Brave new world and the boys from Brazil (Wellcome trust report, 1998). In conclusion, one would have to state that reading newspaper articles or any medium being consumed that ascribes all sorts of accolades to biotechnology, nanotechnology, and cloning does not necessarily determine a positive public attitude. As Lee et al (2005) found that people use their knowledge about science in general in order to evaluate possible risks and benefits (ibid: 260). Finally, one will suggest that studies of biotechnology should move past the western world into the third-world were food crisis are on the increase in order to show whether the scepticism towards artificially made food is a western ideology. Number of words: 3,285.

Influence of Culture in Nursing Curriculum | Research

Influence of Culture in Nursing Curriculum | Research Amber Hussain Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the influence of culture in nursing curriculum. 30 nursing instructors participated in the study. A questionnaire was distributed, which included five thematic categories. Findings revealed that teachers view definition of culture differently and they are aware of its importance in nursing in order to provide cultural sensitive patient care, but they view student diversity as challenging in classroom setting. Introduction: Development of curriculum plays a vital role in creating educational change. In order to improve classroom practices and students learning, large-scale curriculum reforms are instigated but these often fall short. There can be variety of reasons for these shortfalls, among which cultural influence is one. To develop and implement a high quality curriculum, a culture-sensitive approach to curriculum development is necessary (Nijhuis, Pieters Voogt, 2013). This approach have equal or even more importance in the field of nursing, as nurses are the one who are confronted with patients who belong to different cultural backgrounds. According to Spritzer et al. (1996), in order to improve nurse’s cross-cultural awareness, major efforts have been made to develop culturally sensitive theoretical knowledge. To develop this awareness, teacher has to play a major role as; teachers’ multicultural competency is becoming an increasingly vital element in educational curriculum (Malta, 2012). Therefore, a teacher’s role is to be aware of their own culture, student’s culture and make students sensitive to cultural diverse patient care, which can be implemented by using varied teaching strategies in classroom setting. According to Maltby (2008), there are a variety of teaching techniques that can be used to engage students in the process of becoming culturally competent such as role plays, using exemplars and web-based interactions. Methodology Using convenience sampling, 30 nursing instructors of more than 1 year experience, participated in study. The participants teach at different teaching institutions of nursing i.e. Ziauddin college of Nursing, Baqai College of Nursing and Aga Khan University School of Nursing. A survey questionnaire was given to rate responses according to five broad aspects: definition of culture, cultural content, students’ diversity, teachers own cultural values and classroom pedagogies on 3 point likert scale (refer Appendix A). Results The study found that the definition of culture is perceived differently by different teachers. 83% view it as lifestyle of people, 33% believe that it is transformed from one generation to another and 37% perceive it as identity of people. 77% teachers disagree that cultural diverse patient care is incorporated in nursing curriculum taught in Pakistan and almost the same percentile (80%) of teachers agreed with the consensus that the curriculum is adapting from west and it diverts students from own culture. 73% stated that diversity among students creates conflict and it arise difficulty in students learning.100% teachers perceive that they are aware of their own culture, 93% knew that it is their responsibility to know about student’s culture and therefore 83% believe that it is important to train teachers regarding cultural diversity. 80% believe that they also face challenge to teach multicultural class. Majority of teachers use different teaching pedagogies like ice breake r (90%), case studies (77%), internet/videos (70%), reflections (67%) and group work (86%), still there are few who are not using these pedagogies. Discussion To investigate what teachers think about the role of culture in teaching and learning in nursing curriculum, questions were asked from them. Results are presented in appendix B and C. The results suggest that teachers in nursing schools perceive the understanding of culture differently. Majority view it as life style of people and few perceive it as identity of people and few believe that it is transformed from one generation to another .There are various understandings regarding culture. According to Stephens (2007, as cited in Nijhuisetal., 2013), culture gives meaning to beliefs and actions of individual and societies. It is an ideational tool which can be used to describe and evaluate that action. Nijhuis, Pieters and Pieters (2013) view culture as static or fixed phenomena. For nursing content part, results show that 77% of the teachers disagree with the opinion that the curriculum present in local context provides enough cultural information. These finding indicated that the kind of information available on the textbooks is not sufficient to teach the culture, which indentifies a gap in the curriculum content that expose students to foreign culture. Maltby (2008) also questioned the depth of cultural content taught in nursing curriculum. Moreover 80% agree that, nursing curriculum is adapted from western culture and it diverts students from their local culture. The idea emphases that, as most of the textbooks of nursing are adapted from foreign culture, they may cause learners to lose their own cultural identity. According to Thomas (1997) Poor contextual curriculum leads to cultural mismatches on the level of local context. In relation to the cultural diversity in students, majority of instructors reported that their classroom students are culturally diverse, and they believe that this creates challenge for both students and teachers, for example for teachers it would be difficult to respect and inculcate each individual student’s cultural needs and use teaching strategies accordingly, whereas, for students, diversity creates difficulty in reaching to a consensus. According to Phuntsog (2001) diversity in student directs teachers to provide equal opportunities to all students irrespective of their culture, caste and learning style. On the other hand, according to Marshall (1995) many institutions value cultural diversity but find it as challenging in a group work because there is a probability of developing a false consensus, as one think differently than other. Moreover, Majority of teachers have reported that they are familiar with their own cultural values and responsible towards knowing student cultural values. This brings forward the idea of culturally responsive teachers who takes the cultural identities of the students in the classroom into account. This would help teachers to teach in a way that recognizes that each learner is an individual, with a particular cultural inheritance, who may rely on a different ways of knowing. According to Malta (2012) by recognizing student diversity it would be possible for teachers to become aware of cultural barriers and learn to teach from a culturally sensitive perspective. Apart from this, majority of teachers had consensus on importance of receiving cultural training, since course trainings would help them to handle cultural themes and topics in more ease due to gaining proficiency in the subject area. Lastly, the study shed light on what kind of activities teachers practice in their Classrooms. Majority of teachers agree that they use different teaching methodologies i.e. icebreakers, case studies, videos, internets, reflection writing and group work, in order make students understand their own culture, be socially comfortable and understand aspects of foreign culture. These findings are parallel to that of Gonen and Saglam (2012) whereby teachers use different channels of information which expose students to foreign culture. Therefore, teachers develop a critical view towards foreign culture and these various sources of information a use to foster understanding of diverse culture. Conclusion In conclusion, culture has an influence in nursing curriculum in the area of content, teaching and learning. In the field of nursing, there is a lack of in depth content regarding culturally diverse patient care and that limited knowledge is mainly adapted from foreign culture due to which we tend to neglect the aspect of native culture. Moreover, students and teachers’ diverse cultural background and values are also affecting the learning outcome in classroom setting. Therefore, it is important for teachers to incorporate those teaching pedagogies which foster the concept of cultural sensitive patient care and respect among each other. References Davidhizar, R., Giger, J.N. (2002). Teaching culture within nursing curriculum using the GigerDavidhizar model of transcultural nursing assessment. Journal of Nursing Education, 40 (6), 282-284. Flintoff, V.J., Rivers, S. (2012). A reshaping of counseling curriculum: responding to the changingcultural context. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 40 (3), 235-246. Malta, B.V. (2012). Am I culturally competent? A study on multicultural teaching competencies among school teachers in Malta. The Journal of Multiculturalism in Education, 8 (1), 1-43. Maltby, H.J. (2008). A reflection on culture over time by baccularte nursing students.Contemporary Nurse, 28 (1), 111-118. Marshall, S.P. (2006).Cultural competence in nursing curricula: How are we doing 20years later? Guest Editorial, 45(7), 243-244. Nijhuis, C.G., Pieters, J.M., Voogt, J.M. (2013). Influence of culture on curriculum development in Ghana: an undervalued factor? Curriculum Studies, 45(2), 225-250. Phuntsog, N. (2001). Culturally responsive teaching: what do selected United States elementary School teachers think? Intercultural Education, 12, 51-64. Ruth, L.A. (2003). A critical way of knowing in a multi cultural nursing curriculum. Intuition a Way of Knowing, 24 (3), 129-134. Sairanen, R., Richardson, E., Kelly, L., Bergknut, E., Koskinen, L., Lundberg, P., Muir, N., Olt, H., Vlieger, L. (2013). Putting culture in the curriculum: A European project. Nurse Education in Practice.13, 118-124. Simunovi, V.J., Hren, D., Ivanis, A., Dorup, J., Krivokuca, Z., Ristic, S., verhaaren, H., Sonntag, H., Ribaric, S., Tomic, S., Vojnikovic, B., Selescovic, H., Dahl, M., Marusic, A., Marisic, M. (2007). Survey of attitudes towards curriculum reforms among medical teachers in different socio-economic and cultural environments. Curriculum Reforms among Medical Teachers, 29, 833-835. Spitzer, A., Kesselring, A., Ravid, C., Tamir, B., Granot, M., Noam, R. (1996). Learning about another culture: project and curricular reflections. Journal of Nursing Education, 35 (7), 322-328. Thomas, E. (1997). Developing a culture-sensitive pedagogy: tackling a problem of melding ‘global culture’ within existing cultural contexts. International Journal of Educational Development, 17(1), 13–26. Vikers, D. (2010). Social justice: A concept for undergraduate nursing curricula. Southern Online Journalof Nursing Research, 8(1). Appendix A: Questionnaire used for data collection along with consent form: Purpose: The purpose of this project study is to identify the influence of culture on nursing curriculum. In this study, culture refers to values, beliefs, language and customs of a particular people that impact the area of nursing education and practice. The project basically analyze the presence of cultural content in nursing curriculum and its significance, effects of students diverse cultural characteristic in classroom learning and teachers competency in relation to culture. Consent: This is a project being conducted by Amber Hussain MSCN student in a course of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning at IED (institute of Educational Development). You are invited to participate in this project because you are associated with teaching in nursing profession. Your participation in this study is voluntary. The procedure involves filling a questionnaire. Your responses will be kept confidential and the results of this study will be used for research purpose. Participant Signature: ______________________ Appendix B: Compilation of the responses received by respondents on a 3 point likert scale: Appendix C: Graphical representation of the responses based on 5 broad categories: Graph 1: The above graph depicts that 83% of the teacher’s view culture as a lifestyle of people and about one third of the respondents view it as people identity and a permanent phenomena which is transformed from one generation to another. Graph 2: The above graph shows that 77% of the teachers believe that nursing curriculum taught in Pakistan does not provide opportunities for culturally diverse patient care but 77% of the respondents agreed that the nursing curriculum reflect patient’s values and beliefs. Around 80% of the respondent’s view that nursing curriculum is adopted from western culture and it alienates students from native culture. Graph 3: The above graph depicts that more than 77% of the teacher’s agreed that the student body in classroom is culturally diverse. Around 70% of the respondents also agreed that the language barriers create difficulty in learning and diversity creates conflicts in classroom. Graph 3: Graph 5: The above graph depicts that more than 70% of the teacher’s use the above teaching methodologies frequently in order to achieve different learning objectives.

What view of mankind does Golding portray in Lord of the Flies? :: Free Essay Writer

What view of mankind does Golding portray in Lord of the Flies? This essay will explore the psychology and thinking behind the characters and writing of the novel 'Lord of the Flies'. Overall, it will answer the question; 'What view of mankind does Golding portray in Lord of the Flies?' From soon after its discovery, if it was 'discovered' at all, the beast becomes more than just a thing on a mountain (its most predominant form), it becomes a major symbol of mankind, and its psyche. Throughout the story, the beast takes on many more forms than the previously mentioned appearance. Once as a 'beastie', seen in the forest by the smaller children. This actually turns out to be the creepers. Sometimes as a large figure that falls from the sky and lands on top of the mountain. This is simply a dead parachutist, but it is left alone by the boys (apart from by Simon, and one expedition by three boys), and is feared greatly by the inhabitants of the island. Lastly, as a pigs head on a stick. This is simply its physical representation, but its existence runs much deeper than this. This head is what is really wrong on this island, but only Simon finds this out, and his life is ended in a fit of excitement. Throughout the story, the beast, in whatever form it takes, takes shape as a small worry, develops into a growing fear, until it reaches a level almost equal to a deity of some kind. The sad thing about these children is that they never quite realise the beast is not a physical thing at all, and if it ever was, they should not have feared it. The only thing the beast was - that was truly fearful - was the hate, evil and ability to harm burning deep inside each and every one of the boys. The main purpose of the beast in this story is to display that without something to fear and respect (a primitive form of religion), then man can, and possibly will go crazy. The conch is the very first important discovery on the story, next to the discovery of two survivors. This discovery is so near to the beginning of the book that it becomes something close to not only Jack and Ralph, but also to the reader. It brings together all of the island dwellers right from the first gathering. The boys advance slowly into savagery, and at the same rate as this happens, the conch slowly loses its importance and democratic symbolism, the boys respond less to its calls, and soon enough, it only calls Sam, Eric, Ralph and

Vincent Van Gogh: Woe Is Me :: essays research papers fc

Vincent Van Gogh: Woe is Me   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the last twenty years of the nineteenth century a new form of artistic painting formed. Postimpressionism was a form of art where the artist was highly individual and expressive. Some of the most creative painters in history helped to make the style a success. Paul Gauguin and Paul Cezanne are two of the most creative and popular painters among the postimpressionists, but not the master. The master of the postimpressionist movement was Vincent Van Gogh.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vincent Van Gogh was born on the 30th of March 1853, in the small village of Zundert; in the south of the Netherlands. He was the oldest of six children born to Theodorus Van Gogh and Cornelia Carbentus. He began his education in 1861, at the village school in Zundert; he would subsequently attend two boarding schools. Van Gogh excelled in language learning French, English, and German. During that time he also began drawing. Vincent for the most part educated himself. In March 1868, he ends his formal education and begins an apprenticeship with Goupil and Cle. (Fine Art Web)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Goupil and Cle. Were art dealers in Europe and Vincent was stationed at their Paris Headquarters. During his time spent as a salesman, for the art gallery, Van Gogh developed a love for fine art. Van Gogh began to become unstable and the Paris Gallery released him in 1873. Upon leaving Paris, Vincent (wanting to be useful) trained for the ministry in 1877, at Amsterdam University. After failing to land a post in the Church, he became an independent missionary and practiced among the Borinage miners. â€Å"His experiences as a preacher are reflected in his first paintings of peasants and potato diggers; of these early works, the best known is the rough, earthly Potato Eaters (http://sunsite.auc.dk/cgfa/gogh/gogh_bio.htm).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In 1886 van Gogh went to Paris to live with his brother Theo van Gogh, an art dealer, and became familiar with the new art movements developing at the time. Influenced by the work of the impressionists and by the work of such Japanese printmakers as Hiroshige and Hokusai, van Gogh began to experiment with current techniques. Subsequently, he adopted the brilliant hues found in the painting of the French artists Camille Pissarro and Georges Seurat (http://sunsite.auc.dk/cgfa/gogh/gogh_bio.htm).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Paris, Vincent discovered color and the divisionist ideas, which helped to create the distinctive dashed brushstrokes that is seen in his later works. In 1887, at a restaurant in Paris, Van Gogh organized an exhibition.

Industry Analysis on Fast Food Essay

1. A few of the chief economic and business characteristics of the global fast-food industry are as follows: In the market growth rate the expected food sales is predicted to increase by $208 billion by 2020 with us already being at $800 billion by 2001. Under entry barriers for the fast-food industry the main concerns would be the entry costs, location, capital cost, and licensing. For a business to have success they must have the right location. Under exit barriers there are land leasing, building leases, capital cost. 2. Some of the driving forces include the quality of the food, price of the food, and the nutritional value. Some of the consumers that are playing an important role in fast food are women employed outside the home, two-earned households, higher income, and smaller size of the family. Increased food spending driven by population growth is just one way consumers will shape the future of the US food system. 3. Five forces: a. Rivalry among competitors- in the fast-food industry it’s who can get the food out the fastest. b. New entrants- the competition is increasing due to not having many entry barriers. c. Substitute products- there are many choices in the fast food industry leaving consumers with so many different choices. Therefore each individual fast-food restaurants needs to differentiate their product so people will want to come back for their product. For example what is it about Popeye’s chicken vs. KFC’s? d. Suppliers and buyers- in the fast-food industry if the buyers aren’t satisfied with the suppliers than they can easily switch their suppliers leaving the suppliers with a disadvantage. Also if suppliers cannot offer something unique that only restaurants can get form them, then they have no power to keep that restaurant’s business. 4. A few factors that are critical to success in the fast-food industry are timeliness of the food, quality of the food, quantity of the food, and the pricing of the food. 5. It’s attractive in they way that with the fast paced growth of the fast-food industry, there are so many restaurants entering because there are minimal entry barriers. Anyone who wants to open a restaurant can. Also, there are very low switching costs, which make restaurants look very appealing to big corporations. It can be unattractive because more and more consumers are willing to spend more money on better quality food rather than the quantity of food at a fast-food restaurant. Also senior citizens and immigrants are more likely to cook at home and move away from the trend.

Heart Healthy Information Security Policy Essay

Due to personnel, policy and system changes, and audits, Heart Healthy has voluntarily updated their information security policy to be in-line with the current information security laws and regulations. Currently Heart-Healthy Insurance, a large insurance company, plans to review and provide recommendations for an updated information security policy in the area ‘s of: 1. Current New Users Policy – The current new user section of the policy states: â€Å"New users are assigned access based on the content of an access request. The submitter must sign the request and indicate which systems the new user will need access to and what level of access will be needed. A manager’s approval is required to grant administrator access.†(Heart-Healthy Insurance Information Security Policy) 2. Current Password Requirements – The current password requirements section of the policy states: â€Å"Passwords must be at least eight characters long and contain a combination of upper- and lowercase letters. Shared passwords are not permitted on any system that contains patient information. When resetting a password, users cannot reuse any of the previous six passwords that were used. Users entering an incorrect password more than three times will be locked out for at least 15 minutes before the password can be reset.†(Heart-Healthy Insurance Information Security Policy) Heart Healthy Insurance Information Security Policy and Update Proposed User Access Policy The purpose of the User Access Policy is to provide access to Heart-Healthy’s network infrastructure and to ensure appropriate access to all of Heart-Healthy’s information resources. The purpose of Heart-Healthy’s â€Å"Network Access Policy† is to establish the appropriate level of user access to Heart-Healthy’s network infrastructure. Heart-Healthy’s network access rules are necessary in order to preserve the confidentiality, Integrity and availability of Heart-Healthy’s proprietary information. Heart-Healthy’s Information Security Office will be responsible for management and administration of Heart-Healthy’s information security function(s). Heart-Healthy’s Information Security Office will be the chief point of contact for any and all security related functions. User Access Policy * Heart-Healthy users will be permitted access based on the principle of least privileges’ * Remote access or dial-in-services will be requested by Manager level positions and up, and approved by the Information Security Department. * End users are not allowed to re-transmit or extend any of Heart-Healthy’s network services. E.g. users will not attach hubs, switches, firewalls, access points to Heart-Healthy’s network without prior written authorization. * Users are not allowed to install any additional hardware or software without the express written consent from the Heart-Healthy information technology department. * All Heart-Healthy computer systems will conform to agency standards * End users are not allowed to download, install or run any programs that could potentially reveal or undermine Heart-Healthy’s in-place security system, e.g. packet sniffers, password crackers or network mapping tools are strictly forbidden. All Heart-Healthy employees, 3rd party contractors are responsible for managing their information resources and will be held accountable for any information security violations or infractions Current Password Policies and Requirements â€Å"Passwords must be at least eight characters long and contain a combination of upper- and lowercase letters. Shared passwords are not permitted on any system that contains patient information. When resetting a password, users cannot reuse any of the previous six passwords that were used. Users entering an incorrect password more than three times will be locked out for at least 15 minutes before the password can be reset†(Heart-Healthy Insurance Group Information Security Policy). NIST Special Publication 800-63 The stronger the password, the more likely that password guessing and cracking will be deterred. The combination of the password and the complexity directly lead to its unpredictability. With 8 character complex passwords, with current GPU processing power a password can be broken in less than 26 days by exhausting all possible combinations. Proposed Password Guidelines * Passwords should be a minimum of 14 characters * Passwords based on dictionary words are prohibited * Passwords based on pet names, biographical information, children’s names, no names of relatives * Passwords must consist of a mixture of uppercase, lowercase, and a special character * System will remember last 12 passwords * If passwords are written down, they must be kept in a safe place, e.g. a wallet, or a safe. Passwords are not be be written down and tape to the bottom of the keyboard, stuck to the computer monitor with a sticky note, or put in an unlocked desk drawer. * All passwords will be changed every 90 days Proposed Password Policy Heart-Healthy password policy guideline is a recommendation for creating a new user password. This policy is a guideline to help end users in: * Choosing and creating a strong password * Ensure that passwords are highly resistant to brute force attacks and password guessing * Recommendations on how users should handle and store their passwords safely * Recommendations on lost or stolen passwords Password expiration * Password expiration will serve 2 specific purposes: * Password expiration will limit the time crackers have to either guess, or brute force a password. * If a password has been compromised, the password expiration will help to limit the time the cracker / hacker has access to Heart-Healthy’s internal networking system. Heart-Healthy has embarked on a path to bring their information security posture regarding â€Å"Password Requirements† and â€Å"New Users† up-to-date. Heart-Healthy has used NIST (National Institute of Standards) and HIPAA ( Health Insurance Portability and Accounting Act) regulations in order to achieve their goal of providing the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, Authorization) triad for information security. The federal government has implemented a number of laws and regulations that pertain to the handling, reviewing and compliance assurance of private or confidential data. With respect to NIST, and HIPAA; although they do not specifically outline the methods in these documents, Heart-Healthy is obligated to make an attempt to implement reasonable standards in order to meet the current legal obligations outlined by these laws and regulations. Heart-Healthy will focus on three main categories for their security posture: Physical, Technical, Administrative, * Physical Security – Heart-Healthy has designed their physical security around protecting computer systems that store confidential data. * Technical Security – Heart-Healthy has implemented software and security safeguards designed specifically to ensure access is controlled, and the integrity and the authentication of the stored data remains intact. * Administrative Security – Heart-Healthy’s administrative security ensures that Heart-Healthy procedures, standards, security measures, and organizational policies are implemented by qualified personnel. The HIPAA Security Rule The HIPAA Security Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ electronic personal health information (ePHI) that is created, received, used, or maintained by a covered entity. The Security Rule requires appropriate administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and security of electronic protected health information (HSS.gov ). NIST ensures that the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) of any electronic personal health information (EPHI) information that is maintained, received or transmitted is protected from potential threats and hazards that could potentially affect the integrity of the ePHI information. NIST also provides protection against the accidental or intentional exposure of private information. Heart-Healthy understands that information security means protecting their information from unauthorized disclosure, access and any disruptions. Heart-Healthy understands the difference in protecting their sensitive data lies primarily in their approach. Heart-Healthy has taken precautions to prevent accidental or intentional exposure to electronic private health information. Heart-Healthy feels confident that these policies put forth will help eliminate unauthorized access to Heart-Healthy’s information systems. Heart-Healthy’s technical security policies will help ensure that end users are responsible for their information. Technical policies will also serve to protect end users from accidental exposure by providing adequate protection to end users passwords and confidential data. Heart-Healthy will provide annual training on their new policies, in order to ensure end users are aware of security risks and that end users will ultimately be accountable for their personal security awareness. Heart-Healthy personnel will ultimately be responsible for the management of their information resources and will be held accountable for their actions in relation to their information security. All access to Heart-Healthy information resources are for authorized business purposes only. Heart-Healthy will not provide access to or guarantee access to email, web browsing. Heart-Healthy will monitor all electronic communications that might be needed in order to fulfill a complaint or any investigatory requirements. Heart-Healthy understands that if any confidential information is breached or falls into the hands of a competitor or a hacker that the consequences could be devastating. References mailchip.com. (2012). 3 Billion Passwords Per Second. Are Complex Passwords Enough Anymore?. Retrieved from http://blog.mailchimp.com/3-billion-passwords-per-second-are-complex-passwords-enough-anymore/ nist.gov. (2011). NIST Policy on Information Technology Resources Access and Use. Retrieved from http://www.nist.gov/director/oism/itsd/policy_accnuse.cfm hss.gov. (). Health Information Privacy. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/index.html hss.gov. (). Health Information Privacy. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/securityrule/index.html nist.gov. (). Guide to Enterprise Password Management. Retrieved from http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-118/draft-sp800-118.pdf